The machine tool industry chain includes complete machine tools, numerical control systems and core functional components, and the downstream corresponds to a wide range of manufacturing fields such as automobiles, general machinery, 3C electronics, molds, aerospace, and construction machinery. CNC system: One of the core key components of the machine tool, including CNC device, servo control system and detection feedback device, etc., directly affects core parameters such as the accuracy and dynamic characteristics of the basic machine tool. Machine tools: There are many types of machine tools, mainly including metal cutting machine tools, metal forming machine tools, wood processing machine tools, grinding machines, etc. All parts with higher precision requirements and finer surface roughness requirements generally need to be final processed by cutting on the machine tool. Core functional components: including electric spindle, rolling functional components (ball screw pair, linear guide pair), compound milling head, tool magazine, turret, etc., which also exert influence on the machining accuracy, efficiency and performance of the machine tool.

　　The machine tool industry chain is a typical track that is autonomous and controllable. At present, there are technical blockades in both the core components of the CNC system and the high-precision machine tools. From the "Batumi List" to the "Wassenaar Agreement", overseas countries have implemented an export license system for CNC systems as strategic materials, and imposed strict technical blockades on many countries, including China. At the same time, overseas high-end machine tools have strict scope of use and location restrictions, especially some countries have imposed strict technical embargoes on complete machine products in domestic aerospace, military and other fields. In fact, at present, in the fields of high-end manufacturing such as aerospace and military industry, and related to national security, some machine tool products still have the problem of "stuck neck", and there is an urgency for independent control. The country has released policies for many years to focus on supporting the development of the domestic machine tool industry. In terms of recent policies, 1) The national "14th Five-Year Plan" development plan proposes to adhere to independent controllability, safety and efficiency, and promote the upgrading of the industrial base and the modernization of the industrial chain. 2) The enlarged meeting of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission in August 2021 proposed to promote the active integration of central enterprises into the national basic research and applied basic research innovation system, and strengthen key core technology research in the fields of industrial mother machines, high-end chips, new materials, and new energy vehicles. Industrial motherboards are placed at the same strategic height as high-end chips, new materials, and new energy vehicles. 3) The 14th Five-Year Intelligent Manufacturing Development Plan further clarifies the research and development of intelligent vertical/horizontal five-axis machining centers, turning and milling compound machining centers, high-precision CNC grinding machines and other working machines. The independent and controllable industrial chain continues to advance.

　　Machine tool machine: There is a weak link in the supply, and the five-axis machine tool can independently control the force

　　Medium and large machine tools such as horizontal plus and vertical plus are still weak links in supply

　　The overall localization rate of machine tools is relatively high, but there are still weak links in the supply of some sub-categories. Taking machining centers as an example, according to calculations based on data from the China Machine Tool Industry Yearbook, the localization rates of vertical machining centers, horizontal machining centers, and gantry machining centers in 2019 were 61.3%, 25.5%, and 40.9%1 respectively, while milling and turning compound processing The center basically relies on imports. In 2019, domestic processing centers are relatively weak in horizontal processing centers and gantry processing centers. According to customs data, although the export value of horizontal processing centers and gantry processing centers has increased in recent years, the value is still significantly lower than the import value. On the whole, the subdivision of the machining center may show the degree of localization of turning and milling compound <horizontal plus<longmen<vertical plus. The downstream of medium and large machine tools such as gantry and horizontal plus are mainly for the processing of medium and large precision structural parts in the automotive, aerospace and other industries. The proportion of advanced manufacturing is relatively high, the technical barriers are relatively high, and the degree of localization needs to be continuously improved. Completing the weak links in subdivided categories and realizing the domestic substitution of high-end machine tools is also an opportunity for the medium- and long-term structural growth of the domestic machine tool industry.

　　Five-axis CNC machine tools continue to penetrate, and there is an urgent need to achieve independent control

　　Focus on the five-axis CNC high-end machine tool track. The main application fields of five-axis CNC machine tools include aerospace, automobile, machining, semiconductor, military industry, precision mold, rail transit, 3D printing, medical equipment, etc. Taking DMG Mori Seiki and Kede CNC as examples, the downstream revenues of the two companies account for a large proportion of the fields including general machinery, automobiles, molds, aerospace, etc. Five-axis CNC machine tools are widely used in processing parts with complex shapes, multi-linearity, and special-shaped surfaces, especially in the aerospace and military fields. means.

　　The market size of five-axis machine tools is about 10 billion, but its demand in the domestic machine tool industry accounts for a relatively low proportion, and there is a large room for future penetration. According to MIR, the domestic target metal cutting machine tool market in 2021 is about 67.9 billion, of which five-axis metal cutting machine tools account for 13%, corresponding to a market space of 8.8 billion. Considering the market space such as five-axis CNC grinding machines, the domestic five-axis machine tool market in 2021 The scale may reach tens of billions. However, based on the huge base of domestic machine tool consumption, the proportion of demand for five-axis machine tools is relatively low. One of the core advantages of five-axis machine tools is to improve the processing efficiency and quality level. However, at present, some domestic manufacturing industries have relatively low processing requirements and the use of three-axis machine tools is relatively extensive and the technology is mature. Extensive penetration still needs to show the cost performance advantage.

　　At present, the value of five-axis machine tools is significantly higher than that of three-axis machine tools, and it is mostly used in industries such as military industry and aerospace that have high manufacturing requirements and are relatively insensitive to prices. With the continuous promotion of high-end manufacturing transformation in China, the proportion of added value of high-tech manufacturing in industrial added value above designated size continues to increase, and the advantages of high processing efficiency, high precision and saving labor and site costs of five-axis CNC machine tools will become more prominent. Market demand It is expected to continue to expand. At the same time, more private enterprises have participated in the R&D, production, and sales of five-axis CNC machine tools. The price of domestic five-axis machine tools is generally lower. Domestic manufacturers' intervention in the market will not only further break the monopoly of overseas brands, but may also drive down the price of five-axis CNC machine tools. , to promote the penetration of five-axis machine tools in downstream applications.

　　As the demand for five-axis machine tools increases, the urgency of independent control is highlighted. On the one hand, the current market share of overseas brands of five-axis machine tools is relatively high. Based on the 10 billion domestic space for five-axis CNC machine tools in 2021, the market share of Kode CNC, one of the leading five-axis machine tools in China, is only 2%-3%. In addition, domestic enterprises with five-axis CNC machine tool production capacity also include Beijing Jingdiao, Haitian Precision, Neway CNC, Pushiningjiang, Afumi (a subsidiary of Topstar Holdings), Boluspan, etc. enterprise. According to MIR, in 2021, Kede CNC will have a market share of about 9%-10% in domestic five-axis linkage machine tools (including foreign-funded domestic production, the same below). Based on this calculation, the market space for domestic five-axis linkage machine tools is about 2.4 billion yuan. The share of domestic production and sales of foreign capital such as Labor, Mikron, etc. is expected to be less than 20% of the localization rate of five-axis machine tools.

　　On the other hand, overseas countries have a technical blockade on my country's high-end five-axis CNC machine tools, and American and Japanese companies have set up strict approval and restriction systems for five-axis CNC machine tools exported to China. 1) The use of five-axis CNC machine tools is strictly controlled. For example, Japan can limit the use and location of the equipment. Once the location is moved or the use is changed, the CNC system will be automatically locked. The after-sales service personnel of German companies carry GPS to locate the equipment. 2) The category of machine tools is strictly restricted. Ultra-precision machine tools (nano-level) are prohibited from being sold domestically under any circumstances. Some five-axis machine tool products of DMG Sen are restricted from being sold to China.

　　With the support of policies, domestic five-axis CNC machine tools have achieved gratifying development. Domestic enterprises represented by Kede CNC have achieved core technological breakthroughs and gradually promoted the independent control of five-axis CNC machine tools. According to the prospectus of Kede CNC, the company has obtained the support of 04 special projects and other national projects, and has obtained application opportunities from typical users in key fields such as aerospace, energy, and automobiles, and continuously promotes the technical iteration and maturity of the company's products through user application feedback degree of improvement. At the same time, the company has maintained high-intensity R&D investment for many years in a row to accelerate the development and accumulation of core technologies. From 2017 to 2021, the company's R&D investment accounted for no less than 30% of revenue. Judging from the final results, the company has achieved relatively rapid progress in the independent control of five-axis CNC machine tools: 1) the company is one of the few domestic enterprises that simultaneously develop high-end CNC systems, key functional components, and five-axis CNC machine tools and apply them in batches; 2 ) The company has successfully entered the aerospace field, which has the largest demand for five-axis machine tools and the highest technical difficulty. The equipment can meet the needs of the military in terms of comprehensive performance such as precision, dynamic performance, and reliability. It shows that the company's products have advantages in performance and stability. 3) The company's five-axis vertical machining center KMC800 products have entered the military industry's domestic high-end CNC machine tool supply catalog, and domestic equipment in the catalog will be prioritized for purchase. 4) At present, based on the advantages of aerospace, military and other fields, the company is focusing on the manufacturing of new energy vehicles, energy equipment (wind power reducer housings, large steam turbine blades, etc.), machine tools and other civilian fields, expanding Zhuzhou Diamond, Guangxi Yuchai, Typical customers such as Hengfeng Tools, Shengding Intelligent, Kehua Holdings, Power Transmission, etc.

　　Looking back, more machine tool companies are participating in the independent and controllable process of high-end five-axis CNC machine tools. As more five-axis CNC machine tools are used downstream for trial and error and iteration, the localization rate of five-axis CNC machine tools is expected to speed up.

　　CNC system: the "soul" of machine tools, the development of domestic systems has a long way to go

　　The "soul" of machine tools determines the overall manufacturing level of machine tools

　　The CNC system is one of the core key components of the machine tool. It directly affects the core parameters such as the accuracy and dynamic characteristics of the basic machine tool. It determines the accuracy and efficiency. The generalized numerical control system includes drive devices such as servo motors and control and detection devices such as CNC systems, position detection modules, programmable controllers, and feed servo control modules, forming precise closed-loop control of tool movement. Excellent numerical control systems often undergo technological iterations, which not only involve the innovation of algorithms and control technology itself, but also involve the combination with downstream specific process engineering, thus forming extremely high technical barriers. From the basic control principle, "interpolation" is a typical motion control method of the CNC system. Since the motion control axis of the processing tool can only move in a straight line, the specific method is to divide the complex processing curve into a series of discrete points, and then use Numerous small straight lines or circular arcs are used to maximize the fitting of the processing curve. The countless small straight line segments and circular arcs are realized based on the vector displacement formed by multi-axis linkage within a very small period of time. Taking the basic planar pulse incremental interpolation algorithm as an example, when 1 pulse equivalent is applied to the X and Y axes, the tool path will move √2 equivalent displacements and the vector application direction is 45 degrees from the X and Y axes. While the pulse equivalent of ordinary CNC machine tools is generally about 0.01mm, the pulse equivalent of precision CNC machine tools can reach micron level or even nanometer level (or a very small period of time), providing the basis for extremely subdivided interpolation points and refined motion trajectories . At the same time, the numerical control system further tracks the actual motion position and speed through the position/speed detection device, and feeds back to the control system and servo system to correct the control command for possible motion deviation, thus forming a closed-loop control.

　　With the gradual complexity and refinement of parts processing technology, the control of motion by CNC system becomes more and more complicated. The above-mentioned interpolation process is only a two-dimensional two-axis interpolation movement in the X and Y planes. At present, domestic machine tools are generally three-axis and above linkage machine tools, which involve the control of the Z-axis and the rotation axis, especially the five-axis machine tool. Motion path control extends to three-dimensional space. Compared with plane motion, the rotation of the rotation axis changes the three-dimensional space coordinates of the interpolation points, and the research on the mapping change relationship of point coordinates and related interpolation algorithms are more complicated. The interpolation function has also developed from the previous simple straight line and arc to high-end functions such as direct spline curve interpolation. In addition, it also includes interpolation functions such as helical interpolation, polynomial interpolation, and involute interpolation, and various compensation functions such as verticality error compensation, tool length compensation, speed-related feedforward compensation, temperature compensation, and RTCP compensation. The more advanced the CNC system is, the more diverse and comprehensive its functions will be.

　　It can be seen that the CNC system, as the core component of the machine tool, fundamentally determines the level of machine tool processing control (precision, efficiency, etc.), and reflects the overall level of machine tool processing. After years of development, the CNC system has gone from hardware CNC to intelligent products defined by computer software, and is still undergoing intelligent transformation. Virtual, cloud adaptive, AI and other means will continue to promote the iteration of CNC system technology.

　　Ten-billion-level track, independent and controllable to be promoted

　　The sales of CNC systems are directly related to the demand for CNC machine tools. From the perspective of market demand, a CNC machine tool is generally equipped with a CNC system, and the CNC system accounts for a relatively high proportion of the cost of the machine tool, or more than 20%. According to the prospectuses of Guosheng Zhike and Zhejiang Heideman, CNC systems generally account for 20%+ of the two purchases.

　　Due to the huge domestic demand for machine tools and the continuous increase in the penetration rate of CNC machine tools, CNC systems have a relatively large market base in China. According to the German Machine Tool Industry Association, China's machine tool consumption will be 23.588 billion euros in 2021, accounting for about 34% of global consumption, and it is the main consumer of machine tools in the world. With the transformation and upgrading of the domestic manufacturing industry, the proportion of CNC machine tool sales has increased. According to MIR, its target metal cutting machine tools (note: mainly CNC machine tools) will account for 55% of the metal cutting machine tool market in 2021. In terms of quantity, according to Wind, in 2021, the CNC rate of new metal cutting machine tools will increase to 40.5%. The rapid growth in demand for CNC machine tools is gaining the market size of CNC systems.

　　On the whole, as one of the core components of machine tools, the 10-billion track of the CNC system has a large demand. According to MIR, the domestic CNC market will reach 15.9 billion yuan in 2021, a year-on-year +37.1%.

　　There is room for continuous improvement in the CNC market. In the short term, the CNC machine tool industry has benefited from the improvement in manufacturing demand, and the recovery in sales is expected to drive the recovery of CNC system shipments. In the long run, it is mainly due to the structural opportunities for the sales growth of CNC machine tools and the increase in the use of high-end CNC systems. On the one hand, compared with the NC rate of 80%+ in Japan and 70%+ in developed countries such as the United States and Germany, there is still a lot of room for improvement in the NC rate of domestic machine tools, and there is still a lot of room for tapping the potential of the supporting demand for NC systems. On the other hand, the proportion of the use of domestic high-end machine tools has increased, and the functions of the supporting CNC systems have become more abundant and complex, and the technical barriers are higher, and the value will increase.

　　At the same time, the current numerical control system is mainly occupied by overseas brands and has a large market share in the high-end numerical control system. The domestic technology blockade is implemented, and it is relatively urgent to achieve independent control. At present, overseas brands such as FANUC, Siemens, and Mitsubishi still occupy a relatively large share in China. Domestically produced mid-to-high-end machine tools tend to purchase overseas systems and do secondary development on this basis, and the external dependence is relatively obvious. However, under the overseas technology embargo, there are still certain "stuck" problems in the CNC system in domestic high-end manufacturing scenarios such as aerospace, weapons, ships, and nuclear industries. There is a large space for domestic substitution, and the independent and controllable dividend is expected to be released.

　　Overcoming difficulties and obstacles, domestic brands gradually exert their strength

　　The development of domestic CNC systems is closely related to the progress of CNC machine tools. The development of domestic CNC machine tools can be traced back to the 1950s, when Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Factory and Tsinghua University manufactured the first CNC machine tools. Development is largely closed. Domestic CNC machine tool technology has been in the stage of technical research and exploration for a long time, and the overall CNC rate of machine tools is low, which directly affects the technology accumulation and research on core components such as CNC systems. The CNC system really started or opened to the outside world in the 1980s. Through the introduction of overseas CNC systems, the country gradually started the iteration of CNC technology. Among them, there are many examples of Sino-foreign cooperation and domestic technology has also been accumulated to a certain extent. For example, Beijing Machine Tool Institute and Fana Scientific Research released the first domestic flexible manufacturing system for rotary body processing; Beihang University developed the first domestic microcomputer numerical control system and successfully used it in batches for the numerical control transformation of aviation enterprises. Through the absorption and application of overseas, China developed the Huazhong I type and Lantian I type high-end CNC systems that represented the advanced level at that time during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period. However, at that time, the numerical control rate of machine tool output was less than 10%, which actually limited the iterative application of domestic numerical control systems. At the same time, due to the market economy reform in the late 1990s, overseas machine tool products opened up the domestic market, and the disadvantages of low CNC rate of domestic machine tools became prominent. Relying on imports, the decline in the share of domestic machine tools has further hindered the iteration and progress of domestic CNC systems. Until China joined the WTO, the manufacturing industry ushered in a take-off, and the machine tool industry opened the "golden decade", but the problem of weak research and development foundation for CNC systems has always existed. It is specifically reflected in the fact that the high-end CNC system is facing a bottleneck, and the research and development of the CNC system led by state-owned enterprises represented by Shenyang Machine Tool has encountered setbacks. The development of numerical control system is accompanied by the development of numerical control machine tools in our country.

　　We believe that the "high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment" science and technology project (ie 04 project) proposed in 2009 is an important watershed in the development of domestic CNC machine tools and systems. The 04 special project essentially promotes the practical application of high-end CNC machine tools, CNC systems and functional components in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, ships and power generation, and completes the technical iteration and improvement of domestic core technologies, functions and components through continuous trial and error. Among them, the 04 special project will focus on the research and development of high-end CNC systems, functional components, complete sets of equipment and production lines during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period; during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, focus on aerospace and automotive fields, and overcome the reliability of CNC systems and functional components And precision maintenance technology and other issues. Standing at the current node, Kede CNC and Huazhong CNC are gradually breaking the market monopoly of high-end CNC systems, five-axis CNC machine tools and other high-end CNC machine tools, fully benefiting from the support of the 04 special project. With the support of policies, the numerical control system has gone through many years and has accumulated a lot of applications and technologies. At the industrial end, it has shown a development trend of promoting domestic substitution and independent and controllable implementation. In recent years, the development trend has been particularly rapid, and quantitative changes to qualitative changes may have been performed.

　　In October 2022, ISO23218-2, a series of international standards for CNC systems led by my country, was officially released, marking that the achievements of the "Key Technical Standard System for High-end CNC Systems" established by my country with the support of the 04 project have been internationally recognized. Achieve zero breakthroughs in the field of international standards for machine tool CNC systems.

　　According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the domestic industrial master machine industry chain has broken through a number of key core technologies such as fully digital high-speed high-precision motion control and multi-axis linkage. The average time between failures of high-end CNC machine tools has spanned from 600 hours to 2000 hours, and the accuracy has increased by 20%. The domestic high-end CNC system has grown from scratch, and its market share in domestic machine tools has continued to increase, from less than 1% to 31.9%.

　　From the comparison of specific CNC products, represented by Kede CNC and Huazhong CNC products, the gap between domestic CNC system products is gradually narrowing compared with overseas products and the functions are becoming more abundant, with spiral interpolation, polynomial interpolation, and involute interpolation. Compensation, NURBS and RTCP and other high-end CNC system functions and perfect error compensation capabilities.

　　Kede CNC: GNC series of high-end CNC systems have achieved several iterations of GNC60/61/62, reaching the same level as foreign advanced products, and the products are open and adaptable. The function of the company's CNC system has reached 95.85% of that of Siemens 840D, and it is capable of realizing domestic substitution of imported overseas CNC systems.

　　Huazhong CNC: Huazhong 8 high-performance CNC system is fully benchmarked against high-performance CNC system products from Germany, Japan and other countries. More than 600 functions of standard CNC system products have a 100% standard matching degree, and 1900 high-end CNC system products The remaining functions have a matching degree of more than 98%. Recently, the company released a five-axis CNC system product package. After several rounds of hundreds of days of research on the functions of the CNC system, the overall performance level has been greatly improved.

　　At present, the gap with overseas CNC systems mainly reflects some functions and performance gaps, reliability and life gaps, and market acceptance. In terms of functional coverage, the CNC system products of leading enterprises such as Kede CNC and Huazhong CNC continue to iterate, and there is no obvious difference in system functions compared with overseas brands. However, the average trouble-free running time of foreign high-end systems can reach 30,000 hours, and the service life is longer than the matching machine tool body, or up to 10 years. Moreover, foreign numerical control system software has been modified and accumulated through feedback and accumulation of various field applications for many years, and its fault tolerance rate is relatively high. However, the service life of domestic CNC system products is generally about 10,000 hours, and it still lags behind foreign systems in terms of error compensation, fault diagnosis and artificial intelligence technology. From the perspective of market acceptance, at present, domestic high-end CNC machine tools are still dominated by overseas systems, involving restricted fields such as national defense and military industry, and the tendency to use domestic CNC systems is gradually increasing.

　　Although the functions and stability still need to be improved, the core technology of the current CNC system has made a breakthrough, and it can meet the processing needs of some high-end manufacturing industries. In fact, with the increasing application of domestic systems, it is expected to replicate the advanced road of overseas CNC systems. At present, Kede CNC's high-end five-axis CNC machine tools and self-developed self-made high-end CNC systems have broken the overseas monopoly, and are used in the manufacture of closed impellers, casings, spindles, blisks and other components of aircraft aero-engines, automobile engine casings, gearbox casings Body and engine cover, wheel hub and other processing. The downstream mainly covers high-end manufacturing such as aerospace, automobiles, and military industries, and has a high degree of customer recognition. The repurchase rate of complete machines in 22H1 exceeds 30%. , New customers in the field of machinery and equipment. Huazhong 8 and 9 CNC systems have been applied in batches in aerospace, shipbuilding, power generation, automobiles, 3C manufacturing and other fields. At present, it has provided 1,500 sets of high-end CNC machine tools for special projects, of which 241 sets of five-axis CNC systems; accumulatively in the field of manufacturing Supporting more than 2,000 sets of five-axis CNC systems. Huazhong CNC cooperates with Qinchuan Machine Tool, Haomai Machine Tool, Neway CNC, Haitian Precision, etc. to promote the continuous iterative upgrade and optimization of the CNC system.

　　Empowered by new technologies such as AI, the domestic CNC system is expected to achieve lane change and overtaking

　　The functions and algorithms of the CNC system are the integrated embodiment of the core technology of the system. The expansion and improvement of functions and the performance improvement of algorithms are the results of long-term iterations on the application side. The advantages of foreign brands such as Europe and Japan are reflected in the fact that after decades of development, they have participated in solving various complex application cases. Through parameter configuration, their systems can not only meet the application fields of general lathes, milling machines, lasers, woodworking, and stone materials, but also The support for traditional special machines such as gear hobbing machines, spring machines, spinning machines, and wire cutting machines is also mature and perfect. Even in specific application fields, due to years of experience and software iterations, it can better respond to complex downstream needs. At present, the development of new technologies such as AI and digital twins is in the ascendant, and their application in the field of numerical control systems is expected to create opportunities for domestic systems to "change lanes and overtake". Compared with overseas CNC systems, domestic CNC systems lack field application experience in a wide range of industries, and software iterations are relatively shorter, resulting in insufficient performance in terms of functional perfection and stability consistency. The introduction of new technologies such as AI and digital twins has actually accelerated the experience accumulation process of domestic CNC systems. Self-learning, optimization and intelligent decision-making in a huge database is expected to form overseas CNC systems faster with "time" and "experience". technical barriers.

　　The application of new technologies such as numerical control system artificial intelligence and digital twins is reflected in the intelligent reasoning and formulation of processing technology, independent modeling and intelligent analysis of processing information, intelligent decision-making and intelligent control of the processing process, and self-growth learning of industrial big data accumulated knowledge , intelligent iterative optimization and many other aspects.

　　Before processing: AI will carry out technological task processes such as parts requirement analysis, process method selection, processing feature sorting, processing trajectory planning, processing process simulation, and intelligent programming. Comparison In the decision-making stage of the process method, features such as material, size, and process requirements are directly extracted from the CAD model of the component, and the appropriate process is matched. According to "Intelligent macro process planning based on improved BP neural network for STEP-NC 2.5D manufacturing characteristics", the BP neural network model is used to quickly formulate boring and reaming holes according to the workpiece hole processing feature type, blank type, surface roughness and other indicators , tapping and other process routes, and intelligently plan the processing trajectory. At the same time, for multi-step processing technology, artificial intelligence can carry out process modeling and simulation analysis on different links such as rough machining, semi-finishing and finishing, and compare the effects of different machining strategies and machining parameters on chatter stability, cutting torque, axis According to the degree of influence of power, tool deformation, surface roughness, etc., plan the optimal processing solution.

　　Processing: Faced with the complex characteristics of the cutting process, new technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins need to monitor/evaluate real-time state changes of cutting tools, workpieces, machine tools, etc., and perceive and correct existing deviations. Early warning of problems such as faults and errors.

　　Tool: Collect and analyze cutting force, vibration, cutting temperature, spindle power, 2D image and other information during the cutting process to realize intelligent quantitative perception of tool status, predict and judge the remaining life of the tool, and ensure the efficient processing and consistent effect of the tool.

　　Workpiece: Intelligently analyze and judge the geometric accuracy, surface topography, roughness, residual stress, work hardening and other states of the workpiece, and perform optimal control such as error compensation.

　　Machine tools: Modeling and analysis of machine tool performance states such as machining errors (geometric errors, thermal errors, dynamic errors, etc.), modes, stiffness, and various possible fault states, and optimal control such as error compensation. After processing: make full use of the value of production data information, and form a knowledge base based on industrial big data through the steps of collection, preprocessing, cleaning and correlation integration. Using the combination of big data knowledge sets of different machine tools, such as big data of machine tool energy consumption, machine tool fault diagnosis, etc., can intelligently analyze and optimize the application of various aspects of machine tool status. At the same time, artificial intelligence can realize self-learning and growth of process big data, parameter optimization big data, fault diagnosis big data, etc., instead of manual experience judgment, greatly improving work efficiency.

　　In general, the introduction of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins will result in greater optimization of the existing CNC system, or will truly enable machine tools to achieve intelligent manufacturing of "self-perception-self-learning-self-decision-making-self-execution" . A major advantage of the domestic manufacturing industry is that it is close to a huge terminal market. The added value of the manufacturing industry accounts for the largest proportion in the world, and it has a huge manufacturing data base to promote the iterative update of the intelligent CNC system. In fact, the realization of functions such as real-time compensation, control optimization, industrial Internet, and big data application have been reflected in domestic and foreign numerical control systems, and new technologies such as AI and digital twins may help domestic systems to be more perfect and develop faster.

　　At present, Siemens Sinumerik One, EU Twin Control, DMG's CELOS system, and OKUMA intelligent CNC system are all typical application cases. For example, OKUMA's intelligent CNC system realizes thermal affinity (reduces the influence of thermal deformation on machine tool accuracy + thermal deformation compensation), processing navigation (sensor transmits processing status information, and gives the optimal spindle speed), parameter automatic measurement compensation, and optimal servo parameters. Optimal control (dynamic adaptation to processing load weight, moment of inertia changes), etc. In China, Huazhong CNC pioneered the intelligent technology of CNC system based on cloud computing, invented the method of analyzing the instruction domain of electronic control big data of CNC system, and successfully launched the "Huazhong 9 New Generation Artificial Intelligence CNC System". One of its main technical features is the use of digital twins to enable autonomous decision-making. In terms of practical application, the Huazhong 9 artificial intelligence numerical control system 1) can predict the thermal deformation of machine tools and compensate for thermal deformation; 2) independently optimize process parameters and improve processing efficiency; 3) integrate machine tool assembly, debugging, compensation, and health protection And use process data to realize the operation and maintenance management of the whole life cycle of machine tools. At present, the company uses the Huazhong 9 new generation artificial intelligence numerical control system as a platform, and jointly develops with Jiangxi Jiashite Precision, Baoji Machine Tool, Qinchuan Machine Tool, Shenyang Jingrui CNC Machine Tool, Hanjiang Machine Tool and other enterprises, and has developed a precision machining center, Intelligent five-axis machining centers, intelligent turning centers, gear hobbing machines and other fields and various types of intelligent machine tools. As of March 2022, the Huazhong 9 intelligent CNC system has achieved thousands of sets of batch matching and application in key fields such as the automobile industry, and built several intelligent manufacturing lines for processing typical automobile parts.

　　Core functional components: promote self-reliance and localization, and continuously improve weak links

　　The core functional components of CNC machine tools are an important part of the industrial machine tool, among which the core components such as the electric spindle, rolling functional components (ball screw pair, linear guide rail pair), compound milling head, tool magazine, and turret directly affect the technical level of the main machine and development speed, master the independent research and development and innovation of core functional components of machine tools. From the perspective of product index level, there is a certain gap between my country's core functional components of CNC machine tools in terms of motion stability, product reliability and other comprehensive performance compared with well-known brands of the same specifications in developed countries. In recent years, the technical indicators of some core functional components of domestic key enterprises have reached or approached the advanced level abroad. However, at present, the functional components of domestic machine tools (electrical spindle, lead screw, guide rail, and turntable) account for less than 50% of the mid-range market, and more than 90% of high-end products rely on imports. Occupied by foreign companies. There is still a lot of room for domestic substitution of core functional components in the mid-to-high-end market.

　　Ball screw: high-precision transmission components, starting from domestic alternatives

　　As a high-precision transmission component, the ball screw is widely used in various fields such as CNC machine tools, automated machining centers, electronic precision machinery, feed mechanisms, servo manipulators, and semiconductor production equipment. Its main function is to convert rotary motion into linear motion with high precision, reversibility and high efficiency. According to the difference of the ball return method, the ball screw is divided into the outer circulation return, the inner circulation return, the end cover return and other products.

　　Common performance indicators of ball screws include nominal diameter, lead, length, accuracy and other indicators. Nominal diameter: specifications include 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 80mm, etc., which are related to the load. The larger the nominal diameter, the higher the load of the ball screw. Lead: the linear movement distance of the lead screw for one rotation. The common leads are 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 25mm. Driven by the same motor speed, the ball screw with the higher the lead moves the distance will be longer. Length: including overall length and thread length. The thread length includes the effective stroke, nut length, etc., and the total length also needs to consider the support length at both ends, design margin, power input connection length (considering the coupling length), etc. The higher the precision of the ball screw, the higher the straightness requirement, so the larger the slenderness ratio, the higher the processing difficulty and the poorer the rigidity. Quality and precision: determined by indicators such as lead error, surface roughness, geometric tolerance, temperature rise and noise. Different sizes of lead screws can achieve different levels of precision, different precision products are used in different types of machine tools, and there are slight differences in the accuracy standards of lead screws at home and abroad.

　　China is one of the important consumer markets for ball screw products. In recent years, the domestic market has accounted for about 20% of the global total. With the transformation and upgrading of the domestic manufacturing industry, the demand for ball screws, as an important transmission component for automation, continues to increase. In 2021, the ball screw market size will be 2.555 billion yuan, and the market CAGR from 2015 to 2021 will be 10.1%.

　　At present, domestic ball screws are mainly occupied by Shangyin Technology, THK, NSK and other brands. Due to overseas technology blockade, the level of domestic rolling parts is basically kept below P2 level, and most products are in P3-P5 level, which is difficult to meet the needs of medium and high-end machine tools. , Domestic manufacturers are steadily promoting domestic substitution, but there is still a certain gap in product categories and products of the same category in terms of accuracy, rigidity, and service life compared with brands in Taiwan and overseas products. At the same time, there are import restrictions on high-precision products of overseas brands. Category differences: Different SKU products are formed according to the arrangement and combination of indicators such as nominal diameter, nominal lead, steel ball diameter, and number of cycles. Compared with Shangyin Technology and Nanjing Technology, the nominal diameter models, steel ball diameter models, and nominal lead models covered by Nanjing Technology are different from Shangyin Technology, and the product SKUs of Shangyin Technology are more complex and diverse than those of domestic enterprises. Differences in indicators: For the same type of SKU or similar products, domestic products still have a certain gap compared with imported brands in terms of dynamic load, static load and stiffness.

　　The machine tool uses high-precision ball screw products, and the accuracy error (single lead & arbitrary 300 lead) is required to be at the micron level. At present, domestic ball screw manufacturers include Nanjing Technology, Qinchuan Machine Tool, Bot Seiko, etc., which are the backbone of domestic replacement. Nanjing Technology: At present, the performance of its high-speed ball screw pair reaches 60m/min, and the noise is 70dB when it is running, and the noise is 68dB when the high-speed rolling linear guide pair is running at 60m/min. The fast moving speed of each axis is 40m/min, the positioning accuracy is 0.002mm, and the repeat positioning accuracy is 0.001mm. The company's products are equipped with high-speed, high-precision, medium-to-high-end CNC machine tools in large quantities, which promotes the upgrading of domestic rolling functional components and replaces imported ones. Qinchuan Machine Tool: Subsidiary Hanjiang Machine Tool can produce 2nd and 3rd grade precision ball screws and linear guide rails, which have high precision retention and can meet the requirements of medium and high-end CNC machine tools, realizing the manufacturing equipment in the field of new energy vehicles Localization promotion and application of rolling functional parts and precision screw pairs. Bote Seiko: Formerly known as Shandong Jining Screw Factory, the product categories include precision ball screw pair, precision rolling linear guide pair, high-speed precision electric spindle, precision mechanical spindle unit, XY precision double coordinate table, precision spindle, etc. The products are supporting for military equipment, nuclear power equipment, aerospace, rail transit, high-end medical treatment, automation equipment, metallurgical equipment, printing and packaging equipment, instrumentation and other industries and realize product export.

　　Electric spindle: with the property of consumables, professional manufacturer + complete machine factory self-made to replace and increase speed

　　The electric spindle is the core component of the main drive system of the machine tool. The function of the main drive system is to convert the motive force of the motor into the cutting torque and cutting speed for the cutting tool on the spindle to adapt to different workpieces and processes. The main drive system should have a large speed range, high precision and rigidity , and reduce noise as much as possible, so as to obtain the best processing efficiency and processing accuracy. The electric spindle is a new type of transmission that integrates the motor and the spindle structurally. Compared with the mechanical spindle, the transmission link of the belt, gear or coupling is omitted, so it has the advantages of compact structure, light weight, low noise and vibration. Small and small moment of inertia, etc., can achieve high speed, acceleration and fast start and stop at a fixed angle. The power, speed, and output torque of the electric spindle directly affect the cutting performance and machining accuracy of the machine tool. 1) At a certain speed, the higher the motor power, the higher the output torque and the higher the machining efficiency of the spindle. 2) The lower the dynamic runout and vibration value, the more stable the spindle processing and the higher the processing accuracy. 3) The smaller the static deflection and dynamic deflection of the shaft end, the higher the machining accuracy. At present, electric spindles are divided into electric spindles such as rolling bearings, air bearings, liquid sliding bearings and magnetic suspension bearings according to the bearing type. According to the type of motor, it is divided into asynchronous electric spindle and permanent magnet synchronous electric spindle. According to the purpose, it is divided into motorized spindles for machining centers, CNC lathes, grinding, and drilling. Each type has advantages and disadvantages, and there may be differences in the main downstream application fields, and the technical difficulties are also different.

　　The electric spindle has the properties of consumables. The electric spindle is assembled by dozens of compact parts, the main components include shaft core components, motors, support components, cooling systems, cylinder components, broach components, air seal components, etc. The structure of the motorized spindle is complex, and it will fail due to harsh working conditions, improper operation, and wear and tear of components. According to Haozhi Electromechanical’s prospectus, the failure rate generally increases significantly after one year, and the probability is generally 30%-70% in the next year. It needs to be replaced Or maintenance, overhaul. Therefore, the market demand for electric spindles mainly comes from two aspects. 1) The increase in demand for CNC machine tools brings about an increase in supporting demand. Generally, one machine tool is equipped with one or more sets of electric spindles; 2) the number of stock CNC machine tools increases, and the electric spindle The properties of consumables determine that there will be a large amount of replacement every year. According to QY Research, in recent years, with the increase in market share and the mature technology of domestic enterprises, the scale of China's electric spindle market will reach US$478 million in 2021, +11.75% year-on-year; the market size in 2022 is expected to reach US$526 million, to It is expected to grow to US$774 million in 2028, with a compound growth rate of approximately 6.67% from 2022 to 2028. From the perspective of competition pattern, the main manufacturers of electric spindles in China are mainly European, Japanese and local enterprises. Foreign-funded brands occupy a major share of the high-end market, and professional manufacturers of electric spindles represented by Haozhi Electromechanical have been actively promoting domestic substitution. According to QY Research, it is estimated that Haozhi Electromechanical's electric spindle market share may reach 20.3% in 2021.

　　At the same time, in the domestic machine tool complete machine supporting market, machine tool complete machine manufacturers, in addition to purchasing from professional electric spindle manufacturers, are also actively carrying out self-made electric spindles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency, and forming industrialized supporting capabilities for core components. In fact, overseas motorized spindle manufacturers are generally responsible for the overall design of motorized spindles, technology research and development, and the assembly and testing of spare parts. The rest of the key components, such as bearings and built-in motors, are purchased by the market. R & D has a strong forward-looking and innovative capabilities. By analogy, domestic machine tool manufacturers are also capable of designing and producing electric spindle products according to their own needs.

　　Kede CNC: Layout the electric spindle production capacity in 2020, establish the electric spindle production base in Yinchuan, and basically reach the production capacity of 400 sets in 2022, supporting the sales of its own five-axis machine tool products, and the production capacity is close to saturation. In February 2023, the fixed increase plan was released. After the construction project of high-end machine tool core functional components and innovative equipment intelligent manufacturing center construction project reaches production capacity, the output of electric spindles can reach 1,300 sets.

　　Haitian Precision: The 2022 annual report announcement will continue to develop functional components such as high-speed electric spindles and accessory heads, focusing on the development and arrangement of electric spindle series for mass-produced products to reduce the cost of end products. At present, the performance of the electric spindle is continuously optimized.

　　Genesis: Announced in October 2022 that the company is actively deploying the research and development of key components, and has realized the independent design of 90% of the functions of the tool magazine of the core components of high-end machine tools and 50% of the functions of the spindle, and can obtain corresponding accessories from cooperative suppliers.

　　Neway CNC: According to the company's prospectus, all lathe spindles are independently developed, and the machining center spindle is partially independently developed. Currently, it has a series of high-power and high-torque electric spindle products.

　　Guosheng Zhike: For right-angle heads, turntables, spindles, gearboxes, etc., a gradual self-made mode is adopted. Among them, the full gear transmission part of the gantry main shaft is mass-produced, basically replacing the imported gearbox structure. The design of the horizontal and increased torque electric spindle has been completed and entered the trial production stage.

　　Rotary table and milling head: the self-reliance ability of the complete machine manufacturer is improved, and the harmonic rotary table is gradually introduced

　　The turntable and double swing head are the evolution of the machine tool from three-axis linkage to a higher number of linkage axes. Based on the linear axes of X, Y, and Z, it provides a solution for the addition of A, B, and C axes. Taking five-axis machine tools as an example, common five-axis CNC machine tools are divided into double swing head type, vertical swing head type, double rotary table type, vertical turn style.

　　The machining accuracy of CNC machine tools is partially affected by the bearing capacity and dynamic characteristics of the CNC turntable. The design and manufacture of high-performance CNC turntable is a difficult problem for CNC machine tools. Rotary tables are divided into two categories: direct drive rotary tables and external drive rotary tables. External drive rotary tables are further divided into worm gear rotary tables, cam roller rotary tables and harmonic rotary tables.

　　Direct drive turntable: The motor directly drives the load, no backlash, high speed, high positioning accuracy, but poor machining rigidity, suitable for light cutting.

　　Worm gear turntable: Traditional turntable structure, the motor transmits power by driving the gears of the worm gear and the worm to mesh. However, the transmission efficiency of the worm gear is low, the rotation accuracy is not high, and the meshing transmission will cause gear wear to affect the accuracy, and regular maintenance is required for half a year to one year.

　　Roller cam structure: The surface of the arc indexing cam groove is in line contact with the outer surface of the driven roller (needle bearing) on ​​the turret. The motor drives the cam and the driven roller to rotate. During the rotation process, the inner roller bearing is used to transmit the torque, which drives the runner (that is, the table) to rotate. The gear meshing of the worm gear is transferred to rolling to transmit power, the friction is smaller, and the accuracy is guaranteed by the roller cam, and the cam and the roller are perfectly meshed to achieve zero backlash and high precision. At the same time, the cam and needle bearings are more rigid and wear-resistant.

　　Harmonic turntable: It consists of a harmonic reducer and a servo motor. It relies on a wave generator to assemble a flexible bearing to make the flexible wheel produce controllable elastic deformation, and meshes with the rigid gear to transmit motion and power. The turntable has simple structure, high precision, and small size. The advantages of small size, large transmission torque, and low cost have been gradually introduced in the market in recent years, and their proportion has increased. At present, the harmonic turntable mainly meets the processing needs of precision abrasive tools, new energy, high-end equipment, semiconductors, medical equipment, 3C and other fields.

　　In terms of localization, the Haozhi electromechanical harmonic turntable adopts a three-wave harmonic reducer, which increases the number of harmonic meshing teeth by at least 50%, the rigidity by about 75%, and the transmission accuracy by 20%. Greater rigidity, greater cutting capacity and smoother and more stable precision fluctuations. Green Harmonic is the first machine tool-specific integrated CNC turntable integrated with high-precision, high-rigidity reducer and high-power-density direct-drive motor, which is widely used in high-end airport fields such as machining centers and CNC boring and milling machines. The current products include KCR series CNC machine tool four-axis turntable, KFR series CNC machine tool five-axis turntable. At the same time, the machine tool factory is also actively deploying turntables to realize self-production + supporting complete machine products. For example, Guosheng Zhike has now realized the self-made of a full range of 5-25 ton turntables, and the turntables have become the first choice of customers, and the business of imported turntables has basically ceased. Overall, the degree of autonomy of turntable products has improved, and with harmonic reducers, domestic substitutions have been gradually realized, and performance stability has continued to optimize products. The performance level of domestic turntables is expected to improve steadily.

　　The pace of localization of double-swing head milling heads has been accelerated. After successively conquering core technologies such as double pendulum head milling head product clamping repeat positioning accuracy technology, double pendulum direct drive technology, dynamic precision compensation technology, manufacturing and assembly technology, high-speed dynamic balancing technology, reliability technology and other core technologies, domestic companies including Kede CNC , Jinan No. 2 Machine, Guosheng Zhike, Dalian Machine Tool, Evermi, etc. have developed double-swing head milling head products, and the overall technical indicators are close to or reach the international advanced level.

　　Dalian Machine Tool: Developed the QM350 series direct-drive A/C CNC double-swing angle universal milling head products, which can be applied to high-end five-axis CNC machine tools such as gantry machining centers and copy milling, to achieve benchmarking with GMN and cytec, torque, and swing angle , positioning accuracy and so on have reached the international advanced level.

　　Kede CNC: Milling head products include double swinging head and 45-degree milling head. The product adopts direct drive technology with high precision, fast response, small size and strong rigidity.

　　Jinan No. 2 Machine: In December 2020, the project of "Key Technology Research and Application Demonstration of Double Swing Angle Milling Head of CNC Machine Tool" undertaken by the company successfully passed the comprehensive performance evaluation and final file acceptance in Hanzhong, Shaanxi. This national major scientific and technological project has overcome a series of key technologies such as serialization of double-swing angle milling heads, manufacturing of key parts, static/dynamic precision adjustment, compensation and performance optimization, matching with domestic CNC systems, and reliability verification, and completed key areas. Demonstration application of 40 sets of products by users.

　　Guosheng Zhike: At present, the automatic head of the Longmen pentahedron machining center is basically 100% self-made. The core components such as horizontal plus five-axis automatic head, double-sided head and extension head have been designed and entered the trial production stage.

　　(This article is for reference only and does not represent any investment advice from us. For relevant information, please refer to the original report.)

　　Selected report source: [Future Think Tank].